Showing posts with label Would Travel-En. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Would Travel-En. Show all posts

Saturday, February 7, 2026

我的人生像是一條在不同島嶼之間穿梭的文化航線 My Life Is a Cultural Cartographic Line-— Moving between islands,

 我的人生像是一條 文化地理線 My Life Is a Cultural Cartographic Line-— Moving between islands

=在不同島嶼之間穿梭, 在不同地理空間中,重組身份、記憶與責任。


這是「回望」與「對話」, 今年春天的一小段感想, 一個是對社會,一個是對自己。

「回望」:旅居在紐約三十年,我始終在思考:我回顧這些年,
我最感到真正有價值的,不是一次性的光芒, 並不是某一個展覽、某一場活動,
而是——我為台灣建立了一座長期存在的橋,
為台灣,在國際文化藝術地圖上,多畫了一條線。

我從台灣出發,到愛爾蘭念藝術史,後來在紐約生活三十年。
一路走來,好像一直在不同城市之間移動。
但後來我才明白,我不是在「移動」,我是在「連結」。
把台灣介紹給世界,也把世界帶回台灣。
讓藝術家被看見,讓文化有對話的空間、讓文化被理解、讓社群彼此連結的平台。
從成為獨立策展人開始,到2014年創立 TAAC,到 2022進駐Governors Island 的4期計畫,
無數藝術家、學者、年輕實習生參與其中, 不是我做了什麼,而是這個平台讓更多人可以一起做。如果說我留下了一件值得思考的事,那就是建立了一座橋—一個讓人可以持續往返的橋,而不是一次性的交流。

我希望當人們提起台灣時,不只是科技或政治,也能想到文化、藝術、溫柔與深度。
有時候飛機坐太多,真的會懷疑自己到底住在哪裡,但後來發現,我其實住在「文化藝術之間」。

妳不是只「代表台灣」,妳也在重新定義台灣如何被觀看。
妳不是只「住在紐約」,妳在紐約建立了一個台灣文化的節點。
所以我說——妳的人生不是定點,是連線。
 

如果我能回到 18 歲的自己面前,‘’我會跟那個有點焦慮、急著證明自己的女孩說:「不要急。
你的人生不需要跟任何人比較. 那時候的我們,總想證明自己,想要快一點成功,快一點被看見。

但其實,真正重要的不是速度,而是方向。我會告訴她—有一天,你會在異鄉建立屬於自己的文化家園;你會離開家鄉很遠,但你會用自己的方式,把家鄉帶在身上。你會理解,離開其實不是失去,而是另一種回望。也會告訴她,不要太苛責自己。你已經比自己想像的更勇敢。


現在回頭看,我很感謝那個 18 歲的自己,願意走出來。

也感謝一路上陪我走這段「文化航線」的朋友們。

My Life Is a Cultural Cartographic Line

— Moving between islands,
reassembling identity, memory, and responsibility across different geographies.

This is a moment of “looking back” and “dialogue”—a brief reflection from this spring.
One part is addressed to society; the other, to myself.

Looking Back

Having lived in New York for thirty years, I often ask myself:
When I look back on these decades, what feels truly meaningful?

It is not a fleeting moment of brilliance—
not a single exhibition, nor one particular event.

Rather, it is this:
I helped build a bridge for Taiwan that continues to stand.
I helped draw one more line for Taiwan on the international cultural map.

I began in Taiwan, went to Ireland to study art history, and eventually made my life in New York.
For many years, it seemed as though I was simply moving from city to city.
But later I understood — I was not “moving.” I was connecting.

Introducing Taiwan to the world, and bringing the world back to Taiwan.
Creating spaces where artists can be seen,
where cultures can enter into dialogue,
where understanding can take root,
and where communities can connect.

From becoming an independent curator,
to founding TAAC in 2014,
to launching four program cycles on Governors Island beginning in 2022 —
countless artists, scholars, and young interns have participated.

It was never about what I alone accomplished.
It was about building a platform where many could work together.

If there is one thing I have left behind that is worth reflecting on,
it is this bridge —
a bridge people can cross back and forth,
not a one-time exchange.

When people speak of Taiwan, I hope they think not only of technology or politics,
but also of culture, art, tenderness, and depth.

Sometimes, after too many flights, I question where I truly live.
But I eventually realized —
I live between cultures and art.

You are not only “representing Taiwan.”
You are redefining how Taiwan is seen.

You are not simply “living in New York.”
You have created a node of Taiwanese culture within New York.

So I say —
your life is not a fixed point;
it is a network of connections.


If I Could Speak to My 18-Year-Old Self

If I could stand before that slightly anxious girl, eager to prove herself,
I would say: Don’t rush.

Your life does not need to be measured against anyone else’s.

At that age, we always wanted to prove ourselves —
to succeed quickly, to be seen quickly.

But what truly matters is not speed.
It is direction.

I would tell her:
One day, you will build your own cultural home in a distant land.
You will travel far from your birthplace,
yet you will carry it with you in your own way.

You will come to understand that leaving is not losing —
it is another way of looking back.

And I would tell her not to be so hard on herself.
You are already braver than you think.

Now, when I look back,
I am grateful to that 18-year-old self for having the courage to step forward.

And I am grateful to all the friends who have traveled this “cultural route” with me.


images: 2026 January in Argentina and NYC snow days

 snowflakes






2026 January Argentina Trip (southern hemisphere )






























Thursday, February 18, 2021

最後站立的旗幟 Last Flag Standing

 最後站立的旗幟    Last Flag Standing

                   HERO OF THIS PLANET, WITH THE KEY TO RESTORE TRUTH, HONOR & DIGNITY.

 羅素·傑:古爾德 (:Rusell-Jay: Gould)

中文翻譯:LL-GREENYES

Owl#33 

 這個星球的英雄,擁有恢復真實,榮譽和尊嚴的鑰匙。 

儘管世人撓頭爲著現狀無所適從,且無能為力去找出解決方案,為什麼會如此? 這個世界受到腐敗勢力的打擊動盪不安,並繼續的崩潰之中;但仍然有些有權勢的人知情並留在沼澤内,並選擇繼續進行在最近的歷史上最大的騙局。但在這幾十年來,一個負有秘密使命的人獨自一人與邪惡進行鬥爭。 

聽起來有點像超級英雄的故事?好吧!那就是了。 

羅素:古爾德(Russell-JayGould)在他最新的紀錄片《最後站立的旗幟》(Last Flag Standing)中的第一部,他將2000年美國佛羅里達州切德騙局(Florida Chads Scam)的解封舉動帶到了世界,這標誌著美國的終結,權利法案和我們所知道的美國憲法的終結。 1999年是第三次也是最後一次美國宣告破產,結果是美國再次成為另一家破產的公司,失去了其擁有資產的權利,但是卻也未能恢復其合法擁有其國家的地位。與其選擇去清理這破產公司,他們認爲讓騙局繼續存在是一個聰明的主意,讓美國仍然存在,尤其是因為他們從未想到過這件事會發生。

而此時,:羅素·傑:古爾德,卻通過獲得美國國旗的版權來找出合法佔領美國的秘密,就是根據郵遞區號,國家旗力學和國際法 “它們”這種方式已經運行了數百年,但在那時已經過期,美國人被錯誤地帶入了欺騙性的道路,現在這種方式比以往任何時候都更快地成為對人類的全球威脅。  

在這部紀錄片中:羅素·傑:古爾德成為了地球上最後一枚完好無損的美國旗幟的擁有者,從而改變了他過去的一些表,以改變地球的結構,並向人們介紹如何完成工作,可以做什麼,以及如何從《假想世界》中拯救地球。 

在影片中我們可以瞭解到:羅素·傑古爾德在奪取標題四旗幟(Title 4 Flag)和保護地球的使命中做了很多事情。除了預測2000年美國大選的選舉欺詐外,他還擔任該司令兼總領導,並在聯合國郵政管理局,國際刑警組織和瑞士萬國郵政聯盟註冊美國獨立國家,並為其憲章和取消了他們在量子語法(Quantum-Grammar資格下的合格性,以便能夠在地球上現在的太空中運行。他還與梵蒂岡簽訂合同,指揮地球上的所有軍隊並管理所有銀行,以通過他的量子銀行解決方案來恢復和平並保護地球。重要的是要注意,這些秘密中只有一小部分是在他的第一個紀錄片系列《戰堡》中揭示的,而現在,在這部電影《最後站立的旗幟》中卻揭示了更多的秘密。 

許多人都在用盡力氣挫敗他的任務,例如聯邦調查局,還有其他對語法有了解的業餘愛好者,以錯誤的主張和不尊重其國旗版權的方式,試圖誤導和錯誤引導人們。另一方面,還有有法官,一些關鍵人物和所謂精英們,他們選擇跟從今天欺騙的領導制度,但是他們也同時在等待人群們呼叫領導人往移動前進,然後他們才做出改變。 

一次漫不經心的孤獨旅程(還有許多神聖的使命),羅素·傑:古爾德維護了他的職位,並獲得了許多其他合法獲得的職位,例如,世界郵政局長美國最高法院首席法官全球貨幣主計長》量子系統和量子銀行系統的唯一所有者和創建者,所有這些一切都是從神話和字面意義上帶頭的,這些行為嚴重地破壞了腐敗的政府,全球公司,組織和個人參與者的違法行為,這一切都沒有完整性,都是為了奴役我們人民。 

那些沒有知識的人問,為什麼羅素·傑:古爾德不做更多的事情?但是知道這些的人,了解他所做的事情,正在做的事情,以及知悉如何解決問題不僅取決於他個人,而是取決於人們是否應該喚醒並幫助他將他的量子(Quantum系統的解決方案付諸實施。目前,我們看到大多數人寧願“接受”由無賴軍隊,假政府和他們為保護自己在法庭上及其他地方而建立的行政命令所運行的無規則社會的計劃。 

《最後站立的旗幟》將我們星球上發生的欺詐和其他暴行的點點滴滴聯繫起來,並提出:羅素·傑:古爾德,作為我們的指導,擺脫了虛構運動的廢話,進入了真相,和通過他的量子結構矯正和解決方案來實現了榮譽與尊嚴 

(更多有關這個覺醒及共同建立未來美好世界的資料將會繼續在接續的文章中説明)

 

更多參考影片連接:

https://lastflagstanding.com/

https://www.bitchute.com/video/E3DxKjFMuwda/ 

https://youtube.com/channel/UC2FPVSe66WpLdfoiQem4FzA

https://youtu.be/fpFzt77huxc 

https://www.quantum.gov/ 

 

(原文:Russell-Jay: Gould.)https://lastflagstanding.com/russell-jay-gould/

HERO OF THIS PLANET, WITH THE KEY TO RESTORE TRUTH, HONOR & DIGNITY. 

While the world scratches its head with no solutions for why it, is as it is, and continues to crumble, getting pummeled by the corruption at every turn, and still yet other powerful people stay in the know but choose to continue the largest scam on the people in recent history, one man with a secret mission has been single-handedly combatting evil for decades. 

Sounding a bit like a super-hero story? Well it is! 

In his latest documentary film, Last Flag Standing, Russell-Jay: Gould, brings the first part of closure to the world about the 2000 Florida Chads Scam, which marked the end of the United States of America, the end of the Bill of Rights and Constitution as we know it. As a result of the 3rd & Final US Bankruptcy of 1999, the US became yet again just another bankrupt corporation that lost it’s rights to own assets, however failed to re-up their status to own it’s nation lawfully. Instead of come clean, someone thought it would be a clever idea to keep the scam going that America still existed, especially since they never expected : Russell-Jay: Gould. to figure out the secret to legally capturing America by gaining copyrights to it’s Flag. Based on the very postal codes, flag mechanics and international laws “They” had been running on for centuries but which had expired at that time, Americans were wrong-led into deceptive path for what is now faster than ever becoming a global threat to humanity. 

In this docu-film: Russell-Jay: Gould gives closure on some of his past performances for changing the fabric of the planet by being the last in-tact Flag on the planet, and bringing closure to the people about what has been done, what can be done moving forward, and how to save the planet from THE FICTION-WORLD. 

In the movie we learn: Russell-Jay: Gould did many things with his capture of the Title 4 Flag and his mission to safeguard the planet. Besides predicting election-fraud for the 2000 American elections, he captured the position as its commander & Chief, and also registered as an independent nation with the United Nations postal administration, Interpol and Universal Postal Union in Switzerland, as well as syntaxed their charters and disqualified them under Quantum-Grammar to be able to operate in the now-space on the planet. He also contracted with the Vatican to command all militaries on Earth and run all banks in order to restore peace and safeguard the planet via his Quantum-Banking-Solutions. It is important to note here only a fraction of these secrets have been revealed in his first docu-series, Warcastles, and now more are being revealed in this film, Last Flag Standing. 

There have been efforts by many to thwart his mission, such as by the FBI. Other amateurs with knowledge of the Grammar, have tried to mis-direct and wrong-lead the people, with their false claims and dis-honoring the copyrights of his flag. On the other hand, there are judges, key players and elites that honor the Chief’s system to this day, but are also waiting for the people to call Chief forward before committing to the changes. 

A thankless, lone journey (and many feel-Divine Mission): Russell-Jay: Gould, has upheld his position and many other lawfully obtained positions, such as, Postmaster-General of our World, Chief Judge of the US Supreme Court, Comptroller of the Global Currency, Sole-Owner & Creator of the Quantum System and Quantum Banking System, all that mystically and literally spearhead the grand un-doing of unlawful constructs of chaos and perpetrated by corrupt governments, global corporations, organizations and individual players- misaligned, that have no integrity, and are all for enslaving the people. 

Those without Knowledge, ask, why isn’t he doing more? But those in the KNOW, get what he HAS DONE, IS DOING, and how it is NOT just up to him, rather it is up to the people to wake up and help him put his Quantum-system’s & solutions into place. For now we see most people would rather “go along” with the program of a ruleless society run by rogue militaries, fake governments and executive orders they created to protect themselves in court and beyond. 

Last Flag Standing, connects the dots on the fraud and other atrocities that have occurred on our planet and brings forward : Russell-Jay: Gould, as our guide away from the nonsense of the “fiction movement” and into TRUTH, CORRECTNESS, HONOR & DIGNITY via his Quantum constructs and solutions.



Tuesday, March 10, 2020

2020 Corona virus-live update

live update of world Corona Virus, data, Map

https://ncov2019.live/dat

 What is the Coronavirus?
  1. 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is a virus (more specifically, a coronavirus) identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness first detected in Wuhan, China.
  2. Early on, many of the patients in the outbreak in Wuhan, China reportedly had some link to a large seafood and animal market, suggesting animal-to-person spread.
  3. However, a growing number of patients reportedly have not had exposure to animal markets, indicating person-to-person spread is occurring.
  4. The name coronavirus is derived from the Latin corona, meaning "crown" or "halo", which refers to the characteristic appearance reminiscent of a crown.
What does it look like?
These images are colorized and from electron microscropes



  






How do you get infected?
  1. The main route of transmission is respiratory droplets and close contact.
  2. When you sneeze or cough, you send out droplets of fluid from your nose and mouth.
  3. Those droplets can carry infections, and when they enter someone else's enter the eyes, nose or mouth, the infection can make them sick. This is the way the flu and many viruses are spread.
  4. Most often, you need to be close to the person (within 6 feet) for it to spread this way.
  5. There is the possibility of aerosol transmission when exposed to high concentration aerosol for a long time in a relatively closed environment.
  6. The WHO has stated that the risk of spread from someone without symptoms is "very low" and that fecal transmission is "low".
How can I protect myself?
Handwashing
  1. A number of governments advise against all non-essential travel to countries and areas affected by the outbreak.
  2. There are misconceptions circulating about how to prevent infection: rinsing the nose, gargling with mouthwash, and eating garlic are not effective.
  3. The CDC recommends that people wash hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after going to the toilet or when hands are visibly dirty.
    • It further recommended using an alcohol-based hand sanitiser with at least 60% alcohol by volume (or 120 proof) when soap and water are not readily available.
    • The WHO also advise people to avoid touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands.
Respiratory hygiene
  1. Health organizations recommended that people cover their mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing (which should then be disposed of immediately), or with a sleeve if a tissue is not available.
  2. The use of surgical masks by those who may be infected has also been recommended, as they can limit the volume and travel distance of expiratory droplets dispersed when talking, sneezing, and coughing.
  3. There is no evidence to show that the wearing of surgical masks by uninfected people at low risk is effective.
  4. Only China has specifically recommended the use of masks by healthy members of the public, while face masks have been widely used by healthy people in Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia, and Singapore.
How do I know if I am infected?
Common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death.

Symptom          %
Fever    87.9%
Dry cough           67.7%
Fatigue 38.1%
Sputum production        33.4%
Shortness of breath        18.6%
Muscle pain or joint pain             14.8%
Sore throat        13.9%
Headache           13.6%
Chills     11.4%
Nausea or vomiting        5.0%
Nasal congestion             4.8%
Diarrhoea          3.7%
Haemoptysis     0.9%
Conjunctival congestion 0.8%

How to use a mask
  1. Wear a mask if you are coughing or sneezing.
  2. If you wear a mask, then you must know how to use it and dispose of it properly.
  3. Before putting on a mask, clean your hands with alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water.
  4. Cover your mouth and nose with the mask and make sure there are no gaps between your face and the mask.
  5. Avoid touching the mask while using it.
  6. Replace the mask with a new one as soon as it is damp and do not re-use single-use masks.
  7. To remove the mask, remove it from behind (do not touch the front of the mask), discard it immediately in a closed bin, and then clean your hands with alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water.
How do I know if I am infected?
Common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death.
Ok I think I'm infected, now what?
  1. Self-isolation at home has been recommended for those diagnosed with COVID-19 and those who suspect they have been infected.
  2. Public health agencies have issued self-isolation instructions that include notification of healthcare providers by phone and restricting all activities outside of the home, except for getting medical care.
  3. Do not go to work, school, or public areas. Avoid using public transportation, ride-sharing, or taxis
  4. Those who have recently travelled to a country with widespread transmission or who have been in direct contact with someone diagnosed with COVID-19 have also been asked by some government health agencies to self-quarantine or practise social distancing for 14 days from the time of last possible exposure.
  5. Attempts to relieve the symptoms may include taking regular (over-the-counter) cold medications, drinking fluids, and resting. Depending on the severity, oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids, and breathing support may be required.
  6. The use of steroids may worsen outcomes.
Is there a vaccine or a cure?
  1. No vaccine is currently available.
  2. Several organisations around the world are developing vaccines, using several different methods.
  3. By early March 2020, 30 vaccine candidates were in development, with products by Gilead Sciences and Ascletis Pharma in Phase III clinical trials.
  4. Several compounds, which were previously approved for treatment of other viral diseases, such as favipiravir, ribavirin, remdesivir and galidesivir, are being investigated against the coronavirus.
  5. Clinical trials are underway in for lopinavir/ritonavir and of remdesivir.
  6. Bruce Aylward, an assistant director-general of the WHO, has stated "there is only one drug right now that we think may have real efficacy and that's remdesivir."

Sources
https://ncov2019.live/dat

Local government websites/health departments


Tuesday, February 25, 2020

Mont-Saint-Michel: The historic 3D model comes to life The famed Mont-Saint-Michel relief map—a 17th century icon of French innovation, history, and culture—comes to life for the first time in the US as an immersive mixed reality experience.

https://www.microsoft.com/inculture/arts/le-mont-saint-michel-mixed-reality/?ocid=AID2492522_QSG_379207

Mont-Saint-Michel: The historic 3D model comes to life


The famed Mont-Saint-Michel relief map—a 17th century icon of French innovation, history, and culture—comes to life for the first time in the US as an immersive mixed reality experience. 

For centuries, technology has been influencing the way people engage with the world and shape the course of history. In 17th and 18th-century France, large-scale 3D maps—painstakingly built by hand down to the most intricate details—were the most advanced mapping technology of their time. They were considered such valuable strategic tools that leaders like Napoleon and King Louis XIV considered them military secrets and hid them from public view.
----
https://youtu.be/MGtpe0ni_nI

https://www.microsoft.com/inculture/arts/le-mont-saint-michel-mixed-reality/?ocid=AID2492522_QSG_379207

Sunday, January 27, 2019

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BOOK OF KELLS


SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BOOK OF KELLS

Luchia Lee-Howell 

“Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.”[1]

The Book of Kells is recognized by UNESCO in the Registered Heritage of the Memory of the World, contains iconic symbols of Irish culture, is identified with the influential role of the monasteries of Columba in European medieval history, and has attracted much attention from various levels of society internationally. As de Hamel writes of the Book of Kells, “‘the most precious object of the Western world’ is now a national monument of Ireland at the very highest level. It is probably the most famous and perhaps the most emotively charged medieval book of any kind.”[2] The UNESCO inscription of Documentary heritage submitted by Ireland in 2010 and recommended by UNESCO in 2011 for inclusion in the Memory of the World Register[3] reads:

“The Book of Kells is widely regarded as Ireland's greatest historical treasure and is one of the most spectacular examples of medieval Christian art in the world. Its fame rests principally on the impact of its lavish decoration, the extent and artistry of which are incomparable. The decoration ranges in complexity from full folio compositions based around initials or portraits, to small details used to augment and emphasise text. Each page contains decoration. The Book of Kells attracts around 500,000 visitors to Trinity College Dublin every year, and functions for many both in Ireland and further afield as a cultural symbol of Ireland.”[4]

The sentiment that the Book of Kells is the “most purely Irish thing[5] (Fig. 3) indicates its role in national identity, and its evidence of high Irish artistic and religious achievement almost four centuries before the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland in 1170. Its visual splendour evinced in the lavish decoration by interlace symbols (Fig. 4 a-d), swirls, spirals, animals (Fig. 5 a-m), interlocking beast heads and bodies (Fig. 6 a-c), is a signifier of national culture and symbolizes the power of learning and the impact of Christianity on the life of Ireland, and the spirit of artistic imagination.

While this political dimension, both now and to the authors of the Annals of Ulster, may have caused understandable “patriotic bias”[6] in favour of this book, it is the best known medieval manuscript in the world, and was much admired and copied across Europe. Symbols from the Book of Kells permeate daily life in Ireland and are found ubiquitously on commercial products aimed at the tourist market. Designs echoing elements of the Book of Kells have been used on the former penny coin of Ireland from 1971 to 2000 and in a commemorative twenty-euro piece in 2012. In addition, elaborated initials from it were shown on the reverse of the old Irish five-pound banknote[7] (Fig. 7 a-c). A detail from the composition on fol. 7v – the Virgin and Child - was reproduced by Patrick Scott (1921- 2014) in his design for an Irish postage stamp in 1972. (Fig. 8 a-d) And in 2018 folios 99v and 141v were reproduced on a set of stamps.[8] In souvenir stores such as the chain store Carols, its pictograms have been reproduced on millions of tea boxes and tea towels, scarves, ties, brooches, beer bottles, cufflinks and place mats.

The aesthetic aspects of the Book of Kells bring a significant sense of inspiration that does not require years of study.
“Look more keenly at it and you will penetrate to the very shrine of art. You will make out intricacies, so delicate and subtle, so exact and compact, so full of knots and links, with colours so fresh and vivid.”[9]
Even the otherwise disparaging Giraldus Cambrensis (Gerald of Wales 1146-1223) writing in Topographia Hibernia records looking at a marvellous manuscript in Ireland, “on one page you see the face of God, drawn in godlike fashion-in another, the forms of the Evangelists with either six, four, or two wings.”[10] Because of this description, many scholars are not convinced that Giraldus was talking about the Book of Kells.[11] As Ann Dooley flatly states, “The book of Kells is not, pace Gerald of Wales, ‘the work of angels;’”[12] the monks who created this great manuscript were professional in their handling of both the words and its decorative agenda. The Book of Kells conveys glowing energy - visible and compelling. De Hamel identifies a key point for any exhibition of the Book of Kells:
“An Insular Gospel was a work of art. It was a sacred object and a tangible symbol of divinity…It was a catalyst for religion and a central implement of the liturgy, but it was not primarily for textual study. Mere reading was secondary – to most of the modern public; queuing to see it in the Treasury in Trinity College today, it is not much different.”[13]

Since the Book of Kells is a religious document, put aside the academic perspective for a moment to take theology into account. As St. Bonaventure might have framed the analysis, the church has the special task of shaping the will in accordance with piety, and

“… it employs the modus which … proceeds by way of precept, example, exhortation, revelation and prayer. On the other hand, the lesser sciences have the task of educating the intellect, and they employ the modus which proceeds through definition, analysis, and deduction.”[14]

While the fruits of scholarship can inform appreciation of the Book of Kells, the public may approach the book from a more spiritual stance.

The Book of Kells, famed for is pure visual splendour, may become even more alive and meaningful in our imaginations if we begin to learn how it may have functioned as a gospel manuscript within the larger context of the Christian elite and the early medieval western Church”.[15]

Turning from theology to ecclesiastical history in early medieval Europe, Christianity had flourished in Ireland since the mid-fifth century, led by St Patrick and others. Colum Cille (St. Columba c. 521-597), one of the most influential Irish saints, established a monastery in 563 on Iona, an island off the western coast of Scotland but not far from Ireland. Other monasteries were to follow, for example, that at Durrow, and the one at Lindisfarne founded by St Aidan, a monk from Iona.  Since Colum Cille came from a powerful family that supplied kings of Tara, inevitably the monasteries he founded played a sustained role in medieval politics. St. Columba’s ecclesiastical power was embodied not only in relics, but also in Insular manuscripts such as those from Kells, Lindisfarne, and Durrow. Monasteries at Armagh and in southern Britain provided competition. The Columban monasteries prospered for over two centuries and were a principal command post for the dissemination of Irish Christianity into Britain and across into Europe. For example, in the later 6th century, the monks of Columbanus relied founded monasteries in France and at Bobbio in Lombardy.[16]
St Augustine landed in south-east England in 597 and successfully presented Christianity to King Ethelbert of Kent. A second delegation of missionaries was sent out to consolidate Augustine’s work about AD 601 with the necessary items for worship and ministry of the church. Bede indicated that these included “sacred vessels, altar cloths and church ornaments, vestments for priests and clerks, relics of the holy apostles and martyrs, and very many books.”[17] These books were impressive when missionaries were trying to convert the mostly illiterate pagans with the literary message associated with Christianity.

Christianity reached England by two different routes – directly from Rome when it ruled Britain and later in the missions of St. Augustine of Canterbury and others, and indirectly from Ireland primarily via the efforts of Columban monks. In a few doctrinal matters, due to their distance from Rome, some elements of the Irish church had developed different customs. The most critical of these was the method of calculating the date of Easter.[18] In 664 at the Synod of Whitby, these differences were adjudicated in favour of the Roman practice. Another division had arisen, between the Italian books which used the uncial script, and the Irish script, accompanied by the delicate Irish interlaced and animal-filled initials. In time, the great majority of those books produced in the islands – England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales – used the Irish script, which is now called Insular. The resulting style, Insular Art, has its finest exemplar in the Book of Kells. It is one of the first Insular books to contain illustrations of scenes in the life of Jesus, in addition to the abundant marginal decorations, the elaborate decorations of initial letters (Fig. 9 a-e), plants and animals, human figures, and interlace patterns.

Other manuscripts in this tradition include the Lindisfarne Gospels (London, British Library Cotton MS Nero D.IV), dating from 715-720; the Book of Durrow (TCD MS. 57) from around 700; the Echternach Gospels (Paris, Bib. N., MS. lat. 9389) from approximately 690; the Bangor Antiphonary (Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, MS. C.5.INF) written in Bangor, Ireland probably between 680 and 691; the Book of Dimma (TCD MS. 59) dating from the late 8th century; the incomplete Durham Gospels (MS A.II.17) of the late 7th century; the Book of Mulling (TCD MS. 60) possibly from the 8th century, and the Book of Armagh (TCD MS. 52) written around 807. Today, Insular, manuscripts are scattered right across northern Europe (Fig. 10a to s- the Insular manuscript family), having been carried by itinerant Irish monks.[19]

To place the Book of Kells in its historical context, consider its origin. There is tentative agreement that it is the product of monks in the group of monasteries founded by St. Columba, the most prominent of which was the one at Iona. Modern analysis suggests that it was begun at the end of the eighth century.[20] The book may have been intended for the bicentennial of the saint’s death, and thus started by 797. During this period Ireland was coming under pressure from the Vikings. In 792, they first raided Iona;(Fig. 11) returning in 802, they burned the monastery before leaving. During their visit in 806 they killed 68 monks and by 825, they destroyed the monastery. Many of the monks relocated to a safer position inland, in the county of Meath at the village of Kells (Fig. 12) where St. Columba had founded an abbey in 564. The monastery in Kells thus became the new centre for the Columban community. However, even Kells suffered repeated incursions. Scholars have championed various theories, none of which has yet been proven: the book was completed in Iona; started in Iona and then completed in Kells; written entirely in Kells; or created in another Columban monastery.[21] The superlative calligraphy and artistry of the Book of Kells suggest that it was produced in a stable environment. If so, perhaps this was at Iona between the Viking raids, rather than at a hastily assembled scriptorium in Kells. Contentions that the Book of Kells is of uneven artistry or even unfinished support the provisional nature of manuscript-making facilities at Kells. But further information is required for a definite conclusion. There is no definite evidence that the Book of Kells was not produced at yet another Columban monastery, although such a suggestion would need to account for the presence of the book at Kells.

The Book of Kells consists primarily of the four Gospels - written in Latin and following the Vulgate text of St. Jerome’s translation of the Bible in 384 - with occasional lapses into the earlier Old Latin which the new translation had supplanted. A substantial amount of material precedes the four Gospels. First is a set of Eusebian canon tables (Fig. 13 and Fig. 14 a-i), occupying 10 folios and showing concordances among the Gospels. These are followed by Breves causae which summarize the Gospels, and then Argumenta (Figs. 15 and Fig. 16 a-f), or prefaces to each Gospel. The canon tables in the Book of Kells are unusable since the text of the Gospels was not divided and numbered. A. A. Luce summarizes the attitude that valued ornamentation over utility: “My book is written for the glory of God, not for the convenience of learning.”[22] This outlook parallels the expressions of Diderot, who wrote passionately in defence of the artist’s freedom.[23] It would also resonate with an Islamic visitor who kept in mind the Sufi ideal of valuing a personal connection with God above all. Elaborate planning must have gone into creating the Book of Kells, with the scribe leaving room for illustration, and this might recall the geometric forms of the detailed Tibetan Buddhist sand mandalas that are destined to be destroyed once completed. The sustained attention required of the scribes, who produced page after page of uniformly shaped script, finds an echo in the Buddhist ideal of intense concentration.

One of the glories of the Book of Kells is the precise script, known as insular majuscule. While most authors understandably concentrate on the endlessly fascinating pictorial elements of the illustrations, the Book of Kells is composed of 340 folios, of which 23 are either full-page illustrations or text, such as that on initial pages of a Gospel, which is so complicated as to approach illustration. The other 317 pages are text, and full appreciation of the book cannot be claimed if 93% of it is disregarded.

Early gospel books were used by missionaries in converting people to Christianity. Bibles in the early Christian era were very long and bulky. Thus, they were less than ideal for travelling missionaries; gospel books were much more convenient. A gospel book could quite adequately supply the basis for explaining the word of God to a largely illiterate audience. The Book of Kells is distinguished for the extent of its illustrations. So, while the Book of Kells would have been quite impressive as a conversion aide, by the time of its creation around 800, it would not have found much use in this capacity. Given the numerous uncorrected textual errors,[24] it likewise would not have been useful as a scholarly resource.[25] This suggests that it was intended mainly to impress from a distance, to support the prestige of the Columban community, and for ceremonial and liturgical purposes. The numerous crosses and evangelist symbols (Fig. 17 a-d) and other Christian imagery would also have had a function as talismans to ward off evil. The surest way for a monastery to acquire a gospel book was by producing it in its own scriptorium. Such a scriptorium would need not only writing materials but also skilled scribes and artists.

The more recent history of the Book of Kells, is almost as unclear as its formative years. It was in Kells in 1007, for the Annals of Ulster record that it was stolen in that year from the great stone church of Colum Cille, and subsequently recovered.[26] Kept in Kells for several centuries, probably in 1653, according to Meehan it was sent by Charles Lambert, Governor of Kells, to Dublin for safekeeping, following the great damage done to the town of Kells in the Irish rebellion of 1641.[27] It was donated to Trinity by Bishop Henry Jones in 1661.

A value to Trinity that cannot be overlooked is the university’s ability to play a role in facilitating the incremental expansion of knowledge regarding the Book of Kells, to enable the deduction and marshaling of relevant data that constitutes research on manuscripts. Such scholarship leads to likely scenarios which seem to be in the best agreement with current understanding. Seminars and conferences on different topics related to the Book of Kells and Insular art have frequently been held on campus and at other institutions. For example, in 1992, a conference concerning the Book of Kells was held at Trinity, and the proceedings of 27 scholarly essays in 603 pages published.[28] Also the International Insular Art Conference, has convened the conferences in Cork in 1985; in Edinburgh in 1991[29], in Belfast in 1994[30]; in 1998 in Cardiff[31]; in 2005 at Trinity [32]; in York in 2011[33]; Galway, Ireland in 2014[34]; and in 2017 in Glasgow.[35] (for details, see Appendix Two). The Trinity Long Room Hub held a “Beyond the Book of Kells” lecture series[36] focusing on other books and manuscripts in Trinity’s collection. This unique academic lecture series crossed disciplinary boundaries to address art historians, medieval historians, archaeologists, biblical scholars, artists, scientists and calligraphers.

Another concern of conservators is the history of rebinding of the Book of Kells. According to Meehan, the book has been rebound at least five times, counting the rebinding that must have followed its theft in 1007 which destroyed the cover; there is no record of this rebinding. Four rebindings have taken place while it was in Trinity’s possession. In 1742 John Exshaw rebound the manuscript as part of general overhauling Trinity’s library.[37] In 1825 or 1826, George Mullen cleaned the margins, trimmed the pages, and added white paint to improve the definition. Mullen cut the top and bottom of numerous pages, an operation most clearly seen on the St. John portrait page. Sir Edward Sullivan described[38] this rebinding as ignorant. In 1895 the binding again needed repair, and Galwey of Eustace Street in Dublin rebound it. The book was most recently and competently rebound by Roger Powell in 1953 (Fig. 18). He completely restored it, dividing the Book of Kells into four volumes. In this way, the codices on display can be rotated, thereby minimizing exposure. The page in the books on exhibition at the Old Library is turned once every three months.

Another value to Trinity is that much student and faculty research, teaching and public lectures are based on the Book of Kells. The book exhibition makes a major contribution by inspiring artists (Figs. 19, 20, 21, and 22) and acquainting members of younger generations with Irish culture. For a university that was a bastion of Protestant privilege during much of Irish history, on whose campus armed men were deployed during the Easter Rising to defend it against the revolutionaries, stewardship of this iconic signifier of Irish culture provides a link to the local population.

In 1821 and 1849, the Book of Kells was shown to George IV, and in 1849 to Queens Victoria and Prince Albert.[39] Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh (Fig. 23 a, b) visited in 2011. Mary McAleese, then president of Ireland, gave a speech at the launch of the Book of Kells Exhibition Turning Darkness into Light.[40] Trinity boasts on a website[41] that (Fig. 24 a, b, c) Mrs. Obama and her children, US Vice President Joe Biden, Prince Charles, Sir David Attenborough, Hillary Clinton, President and Mrs. Carter, Al Pacino, Michael Palin, Bruce Springsteen, Pierce Brosnan and Julia Roberts have all visited the Book of Kells. The Book of Kells lends Trinity College immense international prestige.





[1] (United Nation, 1978); article 27.
[2] (de Hamel, 2016); p. 99. ‘the most precious object of the Western world’ are the words of the Annals of Ulster, U1007.11
[3] (The United Nations of Educational, Scientific and Cultural Orgnization, 2017); http://www.unesco.org/new/en/book-of-kells
[4] Ibid.
[5] (Power, 1940); p. 67. Quoting a letter from James Joyce “… It is the most purely Irish thing we have, and some of the big initial letters which swing right across the page have the essential quality of a chapter of Ulysses.”
[6] (Moss & Bioletti, 2016), p. 11.
[7] (The Old Currency Exchange, 2015)
[8] (General Post Office, 2018)
[9] (Gerald of Wales, trans. 1982); p. 84. Translated by O'Meara, John.
[10] Ibid.; p. 84.
[11] (Sullivan, 1988); p. 5.
[12] (Dooley, 2007); p. 24.
[13] (de Hamel, 2016); p. 128.
[14] (Minnis, et al., 1988 repr. 2003); p. 200. As cited in (Thompson, 2018); Medieval History seminar.
[15] (Farr, 1997)
[16] (Brown, 1989); p. 29. St. Columba was only the first of a long line of Irish monks who were travel to the continent during the 6th to 9th centuries.
[17] (de Hamel, 1994); p. 14.
[18] Ibid.; p.22.
[19] Ibid.; pp. 14-15.
[20] (Meehan, 1994); p. 21.
[21] (Brown, 1989); p. 81.
[22] (Luce, 1952); p. 13.
[23] (Schapiro, 1994); p. 201.
[24] (Brown, 1989); p. 73.
[25] (Brown, 1989); p. 75.
[26] (Meehan, 2012); pp. 20-21.
[27] (Meehan, 2012); p. 24.
[28] (O'Mahany, 1994)
[29] (Spearman & Higgitt, 1993)
[30] (Bourke, 1995)
[31] (Redknap, et al., 2002)
[32] (Moss, 2007)
[33] (Hawkes, 2013)
[34] (Newman, et al., 2017)
[35] (The University of Glasgow, 2017)
[36] (Trinity College Dublin, 2017)
[37] (Meehan, 2012); p. 25.
[38] (Sullivan, 1988) p.6.
[39] (de Hamel, 2016); p. 133.
[40] (President of Ireland, 2018)
[41] (Trinity College Dublin, 2016); Commercial Revenue Unit.





fol. 27v
Source: Meehan, B., 2012. The Book of Kells: with 250 illustrations, 230 in colour; p.62

folio 202r
Elaborate design and patterns, interlace, spiral, trickles
Source: Meehan, B., 2012. The Book of Kells: with 250 illustrations, 230 in colour; pp. 152 & 148
by author 
 
folio 34r
Elaborate design and patterns, interlace, spiral, trickles
Source: Meehan, B., 2012. The Book of Kells: with 250 illustrations, 230 in colour; pp. 152 & 148
by author 
This elaborate design is constructed from dots, circles and lines. Spiral ornament is Celtic and a difficult to master because its visual grammar is subtle and complex, with sophisticated interlaced, interlocking, and interwoven braids. Knotwork had a simple formula and was well known in European art.  Classical plant and vegetal motif used palmettes, vine scrolls, lotus buds, and peltae either as symbols or decorations. Variants of spirals, running scrolls and wave tendrils, triskeles, and tubular whorls. 


The book of Kells manuscript used to be displayed in the long room with other library collections 
Source: (Claddagh Design , 2018); https://www.claddaghdesign.com/history/irish-treasures-the-book-of-kells/


(above essay taken partially from Luchia Lee-Howell's postgraduate thesis
PRESENTING THE PAST TO THE FUTURE
A Curatorial Perspective on Exhibiting Trinity’s Book of Kells)