紀念法國藝術家 Jean Miotte 米奧特 （2016年3月 過世於法國南部）
Luchia Meihua Lee
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Jean Miotte 米奧特的亞洲遺憾 - 二度未成行
By Luchia Meihua Lee
Background藝術家背景及繪畫風格
Jean Miotte 米奧特( 1926出生於法國巴黎) 是50年後旅美的法國抽象藝術家, 為L'Art Informel的發起人之一. L'Art Informel的名詞是由法國評論家 Michel Tapié 所提出解釋”沒有形象”的藝術創作(without form); 相對否定於傳統形式, 這種繪畫風格在歐洲起源被稱為無形式主義 (L'Art Informel), 在美國這種形式後來被發展成為藝術史上重要的抽象表現主義(Abstract Expressionism), 或有人稱之為自動性藝術(Action Art). 。
Jean Miotte 米奧特的抽象創作表現色調帶有法國風, 然跨越歐美,
亞洲與非洲的的世界性藝術語彙。相較於中國或東方的抽象水墨藝術的輕柔與詩意與哲學性. Miottelu品體現出一種激情奔放, 真率的探索宇宙蒼穹下的線條與韻律性藝術。 他的作品主要被保存及研究於米奧特基金會Miotte Foundation。 Miotte
旅居紐約與巴黎兩地。
他的藝術生涯始於第二次世界戰的十年後, 當非形像式的抽象主義在大西洋兩岸的當代藝術領域帶領風騷之際, 這時擁抱抽象主義不僅是一個風潮的事件, 而是文藝界價值觀及藝術範疇的改變。 事實上, 當時的政治及社會機構對抽象主義的貶抑造成了混亂, 抽象畫的趨向是藝術家創造了自己, 目前看起來似乎是在道德上的重要度已超越了當時政治及社會上實際的景象, 找尋當時領頭推動的藝術家有如 Shiraga Kasuo, Jean-Paul Riopelle, Emil Shumacher 以及 Miotte , 他們帶著藝術家個人的自由解放來表達了厚重彩色厚實的大筆觸的形式。. 如同Miotte的註解 :「我的畫是投射當創作發生時靈魂的張力與接替內在衝突的準確的時刻」 。
米奧的藝術創作受到舞台表演, 現代編舞,爵士音樂及芭蕾的影響, 而其中持續影響他的是芭蕾舞蹈, 1948年他在倫敦替Balanchine舞台設計,並得以欣賞芭蕾表演( Diaghilev Ballet and Margot Fonteyn ) , 在接觸其他多樣的藝術形式中帶給他很深的啟發。 舞蹈是無聲的國際溝通語言, 透過表演去證明一切. Miotte 企圖透過他的繪畫去表達或實驗這種姿態及琢磨一種詩意的脈動, 如姿態性的繪畫(Gestural painting) 挑起一種日本武士與外科手術的手勢,但Miotte 的創意與柔性延伸的線條回應出一種現場舞動的藝術感, 當他開始作畫的時刻, 他成為修禪的射箭手, 他編輯每一個舞蹈筆觸, 他的油畫是個舞台, 當顏料躍起, 滴下的油彩對抗著地的吸引力, Miotte 實驗各式的繪畫媒材從油畫顏料,壓克力顏料 , 到膠彩 , 水墨, 蝕刻, 石版畫, 拼貼等, 他使用黑色顏料在白色或原始的畫面創作就如書法表現的主題般, 色彩範疇從原始色到泥土的色調出現, 評論家說他獨特之處是在無形式主義的藝術家群中他持續的成長抗拒重複性, 質疑他自己及形式的表現, 90 年代他開始創作大型油畫, 他在80年第一次亞洲展受到極大的好評,作品觸動觀者的內心情感, 在於留白的畫面與大筆觸的黑墨色揮灑和東方禪與道有了深刻的對話。
他抽象作品的厚重直接蘊含的力道,
自在灑筆觸,
與流動的繪畫型式,.呼應其後歐美抽象表現與東方書法與水墨有相互的意義。旅法抽象大師趙無極是他的同期舊識 ,美國抽象表現藝術家Franz Klein 有多次互動。他的個人展覽已超過400次, 作品在200以上的地區展出過。Miotte 現年85歲, 仍然不定期往返紐約、巴黎與瑞士工作室. 雖身體健康情況並不佳, 需特別看護, 然對於藝術創作熱勤不減, 當回答與敘述他的藝術創作時刻, 則整個人的能量蜂湧, 參與討論。
Illimité cosmique
1999， Acrylic on canvas
300 x 500 cm (118 1/8 x 196 7/8 in)
法國的藝術運動期, 整個歐洲與法國巴黎在一種振興物質與精神上頹廢的氛圍,
1944年輕的Miotte 在18 歲的年紀,所以得以去追求一種嵑然不同的現代前衛藝術展現. Miotte 的作品這時仍帶有隱約具像的形體,色彩則顯得灰黯,或是帶有幾何圖像的組合。1945存在主義瀰漫, 沙特(Sartre)的著名書籍出版,.象徵與物體仍然於兩級的辯證中, 在那個世代, 繪畫不僅是繪畫, 而是關於經驗與生活的展現, Miotte 發現自己進入以精神為導向的世界中, 他投入了戲劇舞台的設計, 也是他對藝術的第一個表白。他的作品也同時在進行另一種截
然不同的色彩線條實驗。
1947年Miotte受到大師如Robert Delaunay, Leger, Villon,
Rouault, Matisse的影響,.1950 法國的藝壇處於複雜情結與動盪中, 在於藝術再現的成就及抽象訴求的糾結, 法國的藝評家Michel Tapie 提出了”Art Informel” 這一個名稱來描述Jean Dubuffet, wols, jean frautier 及alberto burri 等這一新團體的作品, 如Tapie所述, 這類作品部願意受創作過逞的限制, 而全然灌注在相反的 彈性的 不理性的與及自由的形式, 並带著實驗和非傳統性的工具與媒材去敷彩, 藝術史家則同時使用如”Tachisme”, L’art autre” abstract
expressionism” 或 “action painting”來標注這類作品. 。 Miotte 開始他的抽象畫,.有別於 1953法國時期畢卡索等大師的重彩形式主義,
Miotte 1955的作品有著感情自由高度表現,以黑色為主, 稱為「黑色時期」; 1957 作品直接觸碰而厚重,甩動,有精神上的敏感及衝動的表現,情感上張力與畫布合一 。
1977在紐約設立工作室, 正式與美國抽象表現相逢; 他 1970「白色時期」的作品, 平靜的再發現, 提供一種間接炫目的能量, 白色成為半透明紗布披在色彩上; 另外1975時發現的棕色質感的特殊表現, 他試著直接在畫布上揮灑,留下原始的構造及粗糙的畫布紋理, 有別於塗底與架構上的安排, 表現一種自在的秘密感. 直接在原畫布上油彩, 所以他可以即時的保留感受, 1977-84 他持續大量進行這種原畫布的表現。
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Illimité cosmique
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論及他的更近期繪畫技巧,從作品上可見毛刷筆觸, 掃動、飛奔、 頓壓、投射、噴灑、滴流、塗抹。他的拓印式的摩擦繪畫如飛灑的種子快速的塗抹畫布表面, 這是他美國時期的近期作品, 不同於早年膠彩之處, 他作品色彩也是以拓印方式表現出方向, 力道及速度感。
他的作品不是形式的投影或是再現, 是情緒的直接表現; 如同Satre的理論快樂的經驗是由自己所決定的。
他的雕塑作品不多, 但確是他自20歲創作以之維生支持生活的開始, 以桌上型的小件的, 期後將作品放大, 有一種圓潤及原始線條的拙趣。 與他的繪畫並置相較顯得收斂而陳穩。
· 早年50年代作品· 黑色系列60-70年代畫作
· 白色系列60-80年代畫作
· 原畫布與版畫 60-70 年代
· 後期厚重彩色厚實的大筆觸的形式80-90年代畫作
· 雕塑作品或圖片
· 創作錄影帶Video
· 其他相關輔助資料
“...Jean
Miotte is one of the truly cosmopolitan men of our time and an artist who can
be understood and appreciated thought the world , be it in Europe, Asia,
America or Africa-he has created a universal pictorial language that transcends
borders. ..“-- Karl Ruhrberg (MIOTTE).
Jean Miotte, (b. 1926-2016) came of artistic age in the decade after World War II when non-figurative gestural abstraction was emerging on both sides of the Atlantic as the contemporary artistic language. The term “L’Art Informel”, was coined by the French critic, Michel Tapié to connote “without form”. The negation of traditional form, a radical break from established notions of order and composition, was particularly suited to a cultural environment born out of the circumstances of postwar Europe where abuse of morals and fascist ideology had led to such horror and destruction.
While L’Art Informel is often regarded as the European equivalent of Abstract Expressionism, it is distinguished from its American counterpart by a loss of faith in progress and the collective possibilities of an avant garde. Rather, the artists who came to be grouped as L’Art Informel – Jean Miotte, Jean-Paul Riopelle, Emil Schumacher and Kazuo Shiraga, among others – claimed an individual freedom embodied in the spontaneity of the gestural, abstract language to create a bridge between cultures, to break beyond national barriers of geography or expression to form a truly international language.
The power and transcultural appeal of this painting was soon seen in its international reception. Miotte was invited to exhibit throughout Europe, America, the Near and Far East long before the concept of globalization was current in artistic terms. But whereas globalization tends toward cultural uniformity, Miotte’s work fostered individual dialogue within each culture.
While Miotte’s work remains committed to the Utopian aspects of gestural abstraction, he has continued to grow, fighting the repetition of a signature style, constantly pushing the boundaries and possibilities of the line, the gesture and the liquidity of paint.
About the Artist
“Arising from inner conflicts, my painting is a projection, a
succession of acute and intense moments realized in full spiritual tension.
Painting is not a speculation of the mind or the intellect; it is a gesture
which comes from within.” --Miotte
Jean Miotte began exhibiting in 1952 and continues working to this day. As one of the important protagonists of L’Art Informel, his work is inspired by the desire of the postwar generation to create a universal human language in art, a path to peace after the horrors of war.
His universality is reflected in international success. Jean Miotte has exhibited regularly since 1952. He first arrived in New York in 1961 with a Ford Foundation cultural exchange grant, and after a period of work and travel throughout the U.S. he had his first New York solo exhibition in 1962 at Alexander Iolas. Later his work was exhibited by the Martha Jackson and Gimpel & Weitzenhoffer galleries and many otheres. Miotte’s extensive collected works are preserved as a legacy for New York, where he has had a studio in SoHo since 1978. Miotte is represented in the collections of the Guggenheim Museum, MoMA, and numerous other major museums in the U.S., Europe and Asia. In 1980 he was the first Western painter invited to exhibit in post-Mao Beijingand has exhibit his works in Taipei National History Museum, National Singapore Museum, Hong Kong and Japan Museums. Nowadays, The Miotte Foundation, dedicated to archiving and preserves the oeuvre of Jean Miotte and fosters research into the L’Art Informel movement.
Miotte describes abstract painting as “a voyage through the 20th century”—revealing at once an experience of alienation and yet breaking through barriers of nationalism to create a wholly international language.
Miotte’s seminal influences include Jazz but especially dance. In London in
1948 he did set design and saw the work of Balanchine, the Diaghilev Ballet,
and the Grand Ballet du Marquis de Cuevas. Miotte experiments in media ranging
from oil and acrylic to gouache, ink, etching, lithography, and collage. Black
paint on a white or raw surface is a nearly constant theme which recalls calligraphy;
when color appears, it ranges from primaries to earthy tones. Critics say he is
unique among the
La’ Informels because he
continues to grow, fighting repetition, questioning himself and his form of
expression. In the 1990s he began producing the largest canvases of his career.
Gestual Painting
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| Le debut |
“Like dancers, his fluid structures are vigorous and delicate, firm
and fleeting,”-John Yau
Gestural painting can evoke the hand of the Samurai or the surgeon, but Miotte’s lithe, inventive line echoes the living art of dance. When painting, he becomes a Zen archer, choreographing each stroke. His canvas is a stage where paint leaps, and where drips refuse gravity. His use of black paint on a white or raw surface is a theme which frequently recalls calligraphy; when color appears, it ranges from primaries to earthy tones.
Miotte's painting technique is based upon unpremeditated strokes and immediate gestures. He allows no repainting or overprinting or reconsiderations.
Upon careful inspection, one finds that Miotte uses splashes of paint or drops of ink in a small part of his painting. The small drops of ink provide a counterpoint to the main theme of the painting and catch the moment. Miotte's devotion to spontaneity of expression s reminiscent of his taste for jazz, in which there is a similar dynamic of experimentation based upon structure.
Dancers and a musician embody the space, color, gesture and feeling of large Miotte’s abstract paintings. Viewers can choose to see the performers and paintings from multiple places as they move through the cavernous gallery space. Paintings which first appear in the background seem to move forward and merge with the dancers as the perspective continually changes. The proximity of the performers to viewers dissolves boundaries between observer and observed. Jean Miotte describes it as, “A magnificent evening where Dance opens the spirit to painting.”
The paintings demonstrate a continual search for renewal through abstract vocabulary, emphasizing Miotte’s unique gestural quality which has such an affinity with dance. The artist has said, “dance, choreographic expression seems to me to be the most acute gesture, instant and intangible, once given and then forever captured by the eye: movement, shifting lines, fixing them in our imagination and in time – abstract art par excellence.”
Miotte’s paintings do in certain aspect to conversation with an Asian philosophy and Art style of Caligraphy. his paintings are very Zen-line in their simplicity. They are like a series of sketches and very much of the moment. Unlike the historical western oil painting. There can be no repainting or indecision in a Miotte painting. The paintings may contain much empty space, thus recalling the spirit of Chinese brush-ink landscape painting of the Ming or early Qing, or Taoist painting. Miotte's big black and white paintings have big strokes similar to large brush calligraphy-like painting.
Miotte was a friend and neighbor of Zhao Wu Ji in Paris, and they belonged to the same artistic movement. Zhao's work might be more literate with dissolving brush strokes; softer and more detail-oriented. While Miotte's paintings are stronger - full of energy and movement. Some of his paintings are more colorful, with well-defined layers. Some people in Taiwan might compare Zhao to Chu De Chun or Chen Chen Hsiung; they have been called the three Chinese French artists. The above comments allow viewers to see Miotte’s paintings in a way that is better aligned with the Asian goals.
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